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Deterrence can be practiced by denying a potential aggressor pathways to conduct an attack successfully, through defensive measures that credibly deny a potential aggressor its objectives, or by threatening severe punishments if it does engage in aggression.
Deterrence by denial strategies seek to deter an action by making it infeasible or unlikely to succeed, thus denying a potential aggressor confidence in attaining its objectives-deploying sufficient local military forces to defeat an invasion, for example.3 At their extreme, these strategies can confront a potential aggressor with the risk of catastrophic loss.
Reinforcing extended deterrence involves taking steps to convince a potential aggressor that the distant defender will definitely respond to an attack, or at least as promptly as it can in accordance with national laws.
A potential aggressor may pass long periods without being tempted to take aggressive actions.
Especially when dealing with a peer rival that believes it has a rightful claim to international status, it can be very difficult to merely threaten a potential aggressor into submission.
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